#42 4/2/2008
Wild dogs of africa facts. 20
Also, find unfinished assignments. Finish and turn these assignments in.
3/31/2008 #41
A. 20_2 Self Check on page 582. Answer the first five questions.
Help with #4: Draw and fill in the following table instead of making a concept tree. Use pages 571 & 579.
Put the following words in the table where they belong: alveoli, blood cells, carbon dioxide, diffusion, excess salts,
excess water, filtration, kidney, lung, nephron, oxygen, salts, squeezing/pressure, sugars, waste/urea, and water.
Start by finding the two organs in the list above and writing them in the first column of the table.
Then find the two processes in the list and write them next to the organ that uses the process.
Then write the substance removed from the blood by each organ.
Then write the substances added or returned to the blood by each organ.
Finally, write each organ's functional unit in the table.
B. Write all the letters, words, and arrows of Figure 9 on page 577 including the explanation sentence.
C. Sketch and label the major structures of the urinary system using the first part of Figure 11 on page 579.
Then tell what the kidney is made of and describe the main function of the nephron.
D. Sketch and explain Figure 13 on page 582.
3/20/2008 #40
Write 20 facts about wasps, ants, and termites.
3/19/2008 #39
A. 20_1 Self Check on page 576. Answer the fist four questions.
B. Write all the letters, words, and arrows of Figure 2 on page 569 including the explanation sentence.
C. Sketch and label 10 structures from Figure 3 on page 570. (Nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, cilia, lungs, bronchi, alveoli, and capillaries.)
D. Sketch Figure 4 on page 571. Include labels and the explanation sentence.
E. Which lung would you want in Figure 7 and why?
3/18/2008 #38
20_1 Respiratory System Facts B Pages 572 to 576
10th Paragraph...3 facts...Breathing Rate
11th Paragraph...2 facts...Air Pressure
12th Paragraph...2 facts...Diaphragm
13th Paragraph...1 fact...Choking...........See p. 573
14th Paragraph...4 facts...Respiratory Disease and Disorders
15th Paragraph...4 facts...Respiratory Infections
16th Paragraph...2 facts...Bronchitis
17th Paragraph...3 facts...Chronic Bronchitis
18th Paragraph...3 facts...Emphysema
19th Paragraph...3 facts...Lung Cancer
20th Paragraph...3 facts...Asthma
3/17/2008 #37
20_1 Respiratory System Facts A Pages 568 to 571
Write
1st Paragraph...1 fact...Oxygen
2nd Paragraph...3 facts...Oxygen
3rd Paragraph...5 facts...Breathing vs. Cellular Respiration
4th Paragraph...4 facts...Particles in Air
5th Paragraph...3 facts...Pharynx
6th Paragraph...3 facts...Larynx
7th Paragraph...3 facts...Trachea
8th Paragraph...4 facts...Bronchi and Alveoli
9th Paragraph...5 facts...Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Exchange
3/14/2008 #36
19th Chapter Test (Open book and notes)
Extra Credit: Questions #3 – 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, and 20 on page 565
Write the questions for #3 – 10.
3/13/2008 #35
Finish Questions #20 and 25 on page 563
Do questions #1-19 plus #23 on page 563
Study for Test
Extra Credit: Questions #3 – 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, and 20 on page 565
Write the questions for #3 – 10.
3/12/2008 #34
19_2 & 3 Self Check 555 & 557
Answer questions #1 – 4 for each.
Plus Questions #20 and 25 on page 563
Study for Test
Extra Credit: Questions #3 – 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, and 20 on page 565
Write the questions for #3 – 10.
3/11/2008 #33
19_2 Blood Types Notes p.553 (2 columns)
1. If blood of the wrong types is mixed, it will clot and can block blood flow to any part of the body.
2. Blood type is determined, in part, by the ABO blood group antigens present on red blood cells.
3. The antigens and antibodies in blood is what determines a blood type. Antibodies react in response to antigens and clots form.
4. Copy Table 1 on page 533 in the left column. Copy Table 2 on page 533 in the right column.
5. Different blood types have different chemical tags called antigens.
6. Different blood types also have different antibodies.
7. Antibodies are proteins that destroy or neutralize substances that are not part of your body.
8. Antibodies are what cause transfused blood to clot.
9. Rh is another chemical blood tag. Rh+ has the Rh factor or tag, while Rh – doesn't.
10. When an Rh – mother is pregnant with an Rh + baby, the mother might make antibodies to the child's Rh factor.
11. Just before birth, the mothers antibodies can get into the child and destroy the baby's RBCs or red blood cells.
12. Injections that keep the mother from making these antibodies are given to these mothers to protect the babies blood cells.
13. With anemia, bodies tissues don't get enough oxygen from the blood.
14. Blood loss or lack of iron in the diet can cause anemia.
15. In sickle-cell disease, blood cells are misshapened, so they clog the capillaries.
16. Sickle-cell disease is inherited and results in poor oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between the blood and tissue cells.
17. In Leukemia, many immature and none functioning white blood cells are produced.
3/10/2008 #32
19_2 Blood Notes (2 Columns)
1. Four Functions of Blood:
Delivers oxygen to and removes Carbon dioxide from body cells
Carries waste from body cells to the kidneys
Transports nutrients to the body cells
Fights infections and helps heal wounds
2. Diseases that disrupt the four functions of blood, can affect all the cells of your body
3. Blood tissue consists of plasma, platelets, red cells, and white cells.
4. An adults blood would fill five 1-L Bottles
5. Plasma is mostly water and is the liquid part of the blood.
6. Plasma is half of the bloods volume.
7. Nutrients, minerals and wastes are dissolved in and transported by plasma.
8. Red Blood Cells: (RBCs) are disk shaped, have no nuclei, contain hemoglobin
5,000,000 in each mm3 of blood
9. Hemoglobin carries oxygen to cells from the lungs and carbon dioxide away from cells to the lungs.
Why do we breath in oxygen?
Our cells combine oxygen with food to make ATP for energy.
Where does the carbon dioxide that we breath out come from? Carbon in food is combine with oxygen to make carbon dioxide.
10. RBCs live about 120 days. About 2.5 million RBCs are produced each second and are destroyed at the same rate. (2,000,000 to 3,000,000)
11. RBCs are produced in the marrow of long bones.
12. White blood cells (WBCs) fight bacteria, viruses and other invaders of the body.
Some WBCs engulf invaders, while other WBCs release antibodies that disable invaders.
13. There are five major kinds of WBCs. Some WBCs break down body cells that die as well as fighting infections.
1 Lymphocytes 2 Monocytes 3 Neutrophils 4 Basophils 5 Eosinophils
14. There are about 1 or 2 WBCs for every 1000 RBCs and they live from a few days to a few months.
(5,000 to 10,000 WBCs in each mm3 of blood)
15. Platelets: are irregular shaped cell fragments, help clot blood, last five to nine days, stick to damaged cells, and release chemicals called clotting factors
16. Blood Clotting: platelets stick to wounded cells, clotting factors from platelets cause fibers called fibrin to form, fibrin blocks blood cells like a net, and then fibrin and blood cells harden forming a scab.
17. A person with a low number of platelets can bleed without it stopping
18. Hemophilia is a genetic condition where plasma lacks a clotting factor, so minor wounds can cause one to bleed to death.
3/7/2008
Make up assignment day.
Find assignments that you have not done.
Complete these assignments and turn them in.
3/5/2008 and 3/6/2008 #31
19-2 Blood Facts p. 550
Write the indicated number of facts for the indicated paragraphs.
Paragraph 1.....4 facts.....Blood Functions
Paragraph 2.....3 facts.....Parts of Blood
Paragraph 3.....4 facts.....Plasma
Paragraph 4.....4 facts.....Blood Cells p. 551
Paragraph 5.....4 facts.....White Blood Cells
Paragraph 6.....3 facts.....Platelets
Paragraph 7.....4 facts.....Blood Clotting p. 552
Paragraph 8.....2 facts.....Hemophilia
Paragraph 9.....3 facts.....Blood Transfusion (is really what this paragraph is about) p. 553
Paragraph 10....3 facts.....Blood Types (is really what this paragraph is about)
Paragraph 11....6 facts.....Blood Antibodies
Paragraph 12....4 facts.....Rh Factor p. 554
Paragraph 13....4 facts.....Rh Factor & Pregnancy
Paragraph 14....4 facts.....Anemia
Paragraph 15....4 facts.....Leukemia
3/4/08 #30
The Pathway of Blood Through the Heart
Copy and comprehend the chart. This chart visually summarizes the pathway of blood through the heart in as few words as possible. The chart will then be used to understand the picture below it.
Write the numbers 1 through 8 down your paper below the chart. Match the names on the chart above to the numbers on the picture below. Note that the blue and red arrows in the chart correspond to the blue and red arrows in the picture. Blue represents deoxygenated blood while red represents highly oxygenated blood. (Hint: Find where both blue arrows start and then find where both red arrows start.)
2/29/08 Leap Day #29
Write 12 facts on parasites, bacteria, viruses, and the immune system.
Assignment #28
Participation grade for 2/25 to 2/29. Students have to be present and following classroom norms to earn these points..
2/28/08 and 3/3/08 #27
19-1 Circulatory System Notes Two Columns p. 540
1. Blood moves oxygen and nutrients to every cell in your body and carries away carbon dioxide and other wastes.
2. The movement of substance between blood and cells occurs by diffusion and active transport.
3. Diffusion is the spreading out of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
(Diffusion is when a material moves from where there is more of it to where there is less of it.)
4. The two upper chambers of the heart are called right and left atriums and the two lower chambers are called right and left ventricles
5. Both atriums contract together and then both ventricles contract together to make the lub-dub sound.
6. Coronary circulation consist of the coronary arteries and coronary veins.
7. Path of blood through the heart:
a. Blood returns to the heart through the vena cavas from the body.
b. Right atrium receives blood from the vena cavas.
c. The right atruim loads the right ventricle with blood.
d. The right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary arteries.
e. Pulmonary circulation starts with the pulmonary arteries, goes to the lungs, and finishes with the pulmonary veins.
f. Oxygen is picked up and carbon dioxide is dropped off in the lungs.
G. Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium from the pulmonary vein.
H. The left atrium loads the blood into the left ventricle.
I. The left ventricle pumps blood to the body through the aorta.
J. The Aorta starts systemic circulation, goes to the capillaries, and finishes with the vena cava.
K. Oxygen-rich blood enters the aorta and oxygen-poor blood leaves the vena cava.
8. Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
9. Arteries and veins have thick elastic walls made of connective tissue and smooth muscle.
10. Each ventricle is connected to an artery. Right ventricle- Pulmonary artery/Left ventricle- Aorta
11. The smooth muscle in arteries is thicker than in veins, so they can handle the high pressure.
12. Veins carry blood back to the heart.
13. Veins have one-way valves that keep blood moving back towards the heart.
14. The superior vena cava returns blood from the head and neck, while the inferior vena cava
returns blood back from the abdomen and legs.
15. Capillaries connect arteries to veins.
16. Capillaries are only one cell thick, so oxygen and nutrients can diffuse out to the cells
and carbon dioxide and wastes can diffuse in.
17. Blood pressure is the force of pumped blood on the walls of blood vessels.
18. Blood pressure is higher in arteries than in veins.
20. Blood pressure is controlled by the speed of the heart and the squeezing of smooth muscles in the arteries and veins.
21. Cardiovascular diseases or diseases of the heart, blood vessel, and blood are the leading cause of death in the US. (1. for teens is accidents and injury)
22. Atherosclerosis is when fatty deposits build up on the walls of arteries.
23. Eating foods high in cholesterol and saturated fats can cause fatty deposits to build up on artery walls.
24. Fatty deposits in coronary arteries cause heart attacks.
25. Hypertension or high blood pressure can be caused by atherosclerosis
26. Clogged arteries lose their elasticity and no longer dilate or contract easily, causing high blood pressure.
27. Hypertension can cause the heart to weaken (heart failure) and damage the kidneys. (dialysis)
28. Heat failure results when the heart cannot pump blood efficiently
29. Heat failure is caused by weak heart muscle tissue or damaged heart valves
30. In heart failure people are short of breath and fluid collects in their arms, legs, and lungs
31. Healthy diet and exercise choices greatly reduces the chances of cardiovascular disease and cancer.
32. Many people get cardiovascular by eating diets high in saturated fats, cholesterol, and sugar.
(Eating too much sugar causes diabetes which causes heart disease.)
33. Large amounts of body fat force the heart to pump faster and is associated with cardiovascular disease.
34. Regular exercise helps to prevent tension, control cholesterol, lower blood pressure, reduce body fat, and strengthens the heart and lungs.
35. Smoking causes the blood vessels to contract causing the heart to beat faster and harder.
36. Smoking causes cardiovascular disease and lung cancer.
2/27/2008 #26
19-1 Self Check Questions 1-5 p.548
(Also do make up or extra credit work.)
Assignment #25
Simplify, draw, and label the heart and lungs. Figure3 p. 542
It is recommended that the ateries be connected to the veins in the lung with one loop rather than the network show.
2/26/2008 #24
19-1 Circulatory System Facts B p. 544
Find the number of facts indicated for each topic.
Topic................................Number of Facts
9. Arteries......................................4
10. Veins.......................................4
11. Capillaries ...............................4
12. Blood Pressure........................4
13. Measuring Blood Pressure........3
14. Controlling Blood Pressure........2
15. Cardiovascular Disease.............1
16. Atherosclerosis........................3
17. Hypertension............................3
18. Heart Failure............................3
19-22. Preventing Cardiovascular Disease.......6
Figure 5 – Compare and contrast arteries, veins, and capillaries. Sketch and Labeling optional.
2/25/08 #23
19-1 Circulatory System Facts A p. 540
Topics...............................Number of Facts
1. Cardiovascular System................2
2A. Blood Vessels..........................3
2B. Diffusion/Active Transport..........2
3. Heart........................................6
4. Circulatory System divisions.......1
5. Coronary Circulation..................3
6. Pulmonary Circulation................4
7. Systemic Circulation..................4
Assignment #25
Simplify, draw, and label the heart and lungs. Figure3 p. 542
2/22/08 #22
18th Chapter Test
2/21/08 #21
18_1 Self Check p. 521 / Study for Test
1. List the six classes of nutrients. Give one example of a food source for each class. (Sixth is water.)
2. Describe the major function of each class of nutrient.
3. Discuss how food choices can positively and negatively affect your health.
4. Explain the importance of water in the body.
5. What foods from each food group would provide a balanced breakfast? Explain.
Additional Question:
6. List the five food groups. Give two examples of a food in each group. Start with the group you should eat the most of and finish with the group you should eat the least of.
2/19/08 and 2/20/08 #20
18_2 Notes / 2 Column
Write the following as two column notes.
Remember, the more thinking you do in creating your second column, the better you will do on the test.
1. To process food, the body must ingest, digest, absorb and eliminate it.
2. The breaking down of food for absorption is called digestion.
3. The chewing, mixing and churning of food is mechanical digestion.
4. The chemical reactions that break large molecules into smaller ones is chemical digestion.
5. The chemical reactions that break large molecules into smaller ones require enzymes.
6. The proteins that speed up chemical reactions are called enzymes.
7. While speeding up reactions, enzymes work without being changed.
8. The teeth and tongue in the mouth start mechanical digestion.
9. Glands in the mouth secrete saliva which contains water, mucus, and amylase.
10. The enzyme that breaks starches into sugars is called amylase.
11. The bodies main source of energy are carbohydrates.
12. Food is made more slippery by mucus to protect the digestive tract..
13. The structure that covers the windpipe when food is swallowed is called the epiglottis.
14. The esophagus is a muscular tube between the mouth and stomach.
15. The waves of muscular contractions that push food through the digestive tract is peristalsis.
16. The churning, expandable, muscular bag that holds food is the stomach.
17. Hydrochloric acid is added to food in the stomach.
18. HCL acid and the enzyme pepsin break down proteins in the stomach.
19. Acid in the stomach also kills most bacteria found in food.
20. Food liquidized for and by digestion is called chyme.
21. Nutrient absorption is the main function of the small intestine.
22. The liver makes bile which is held in the gall bladder.
23. The gall bladder releases bile into the small intestine.
24.Bile emulsifies fats and oils breaking them into smaller droplets.
25.The pancreas put enzymes into the duodenum or first part of the small intestine.
26. Most digestion takes place in the duodenum.
27. The pancreas produces enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
28. The pancreas also produces bicarbonate ions that neutralize stomach acid in the chyme.
29. The surface area of the small intestine is increased by structures called villi.
30. Nutrients move into the blood vessels within the villi.
31. Proteins are broken down into their building blocks called amino acids.
32. Starches are broken down into sugars from which they are composed.
33. Fats are broken down into glycerides and fatty acids.
34. The main job of the large intestine is to absorb water from the undigested mass.
35. The large intestine helps maintain homeostasis by keeping large amounts of water in the body.
36. The last eight inches of the large intestine is the rectum.
37. The rectum holds and then muscles in it help void the waste.
38. Muscles in the anus control the release of semisolid wastes called feces.
39. Beneficial bacteria live in the large intestine also called the colon.
40. Bacteria produce vitamin K and two b vitamins.
41. Vitamin K is important for blood clotting.
42. The two B vitamins, niacin and thiamine are important to the nervous system.
43. Less helpful bacteria breakdown meat and fat wastes into carcinogens.
44. The breakdown of intestinal material by bacteria produces gas.
45. The tongue, teeth, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder and pancreas are called accessory
organs because food doesn't pass through them.
46. List all the digestive organs that food passes through:
2/14/08 #19
Digestive Organs Activity (Make-up: Write information on three of the following topics.)
Research three topics as a group and then creatively organize the information as a poster.
Find as much information as you can about each topic. (Such as enzymes and what they break down)
Topics:
Mouth and esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum)
Large intestine
Liver
Gall Bladder
Pancreas
2/13/08 #18
18_2 Self Check P. 529
1. Compare and Contrast mechanical digestion and chemical digestion.
2. Explain how activities in the large intestine help maintain homeostasis.
(Tell what the colon does to keep the body in balance.)
3. Describe the function of each of the organs in the digestive tract.
(Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and anus.)
4. Explain how the accessory organ aid digestion.
(tongue, teeth, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas)
5. Thinking Critically:
A cracker contains starch. Explain why a cracker begins to taste sweet after it is in your mouth for five minutes without being chewed.
2/12/08 #17
18_2 Digestive System Main Ideas
Read the text while imagining taking the trip with the six types of nutrients on the journey from the lips to the anus. Notice the structures and organs you would pass. Visualize where each type of food would be changed as it is turned into excrement. (Textbook p. 523)
For each topic, write the given number of facts.
Digestion......3................Mouth...............3
Enzymes.......3................Esophagus........3
Amylase.......2................Stomach............7
Pepsin..........2.................Small intestine..10
Pancreas.......3................Large intestine..4
Organs list......................Bacteria............4
2/11/07 #16
18_1 Nutrition Questions
Write or print these questions on the left side of a sheet of paper. Write the answers on the right side of a sheet of paper.
1. Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water, what are these?
2. What consideration is most important in choosing the food you eat?
3. What unit is used to measure the amount of energy in food?
4. In terms of heat, what is a Calorie? (Calorie with a capital “C.”)
(A science calorie with a lower-case “c” is the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1° C.)
5. What are the organic nutrients?
6. What are the inorganic nutrients?
7. What does digested mean?
8. What nutrients need to be digested?
9. What nutrients are directly absorbed into the blood?
10. What type of nutrient contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur?
11. What is an amino acid?
12. How many different amino acids does your body use?
13. Why is it essential that you get eight kinds of amino acids in the food you eat?
14. What does it mean if a protein is complete?
15. What does it mean if a protein is incomplete?
16. What type of nutrient should be your main source of calories?
17. From what molecules are carbohydrates made?
18. Sugars, starches and fibers are all made of what type of nutrient?
19. What are simple carbohydrates called?
20. In what kinds of food are simple carbohydrates found?
21. Starch and fiber are also called what?
22. In what types of foods are starches found?
23. What are starches made up of?
24. What carbohydrate can't be digested?
25. What is another name for fiber?
26. What foods contain fiber?
2/8/08 #15
Research and present twelve ideas relating to the conservation movement and/or the environmental movement.
2/7/08 #14
18_1 Main Ideas or Alternate Assignment - Finish
Alternate Assignment can be done as extra credit.
2/6/08 #14
18_1 Main Ideas
Write the most important facts for the following paragraphs. (Facts that would be in an outline.)
The list bellow shows how many facts are expected from each paragraph.
1st .....2 facts p.512....................12th .....1 fact
2nd .....3 facts............................13th .....4 facts
3rd .....3 facts p. 513...................14th .....3 facts p. 518
4th .....3 facts.............................15th .....3 facts p. 519
5th .....4 facts.............................16th .....3 facts
6th .....2 facts p. 514...................17th .....2 facts p. 520
7th .....3 facts.............................18th .....1 facts
8th .....1 fact...............................19th .....2 facts
9th .....3 facts p. 515...................20th .....5 facts p. 521
10th .....3 facts...........................21st .....2 facts
11th .....1 fact p. 516...................22nd .....1 fact
Alternate Assignment for students that didn't bring their textbook:
Give the STORY of the following topics, not just the definitions:
*Nutrients................................*Food Groups..........................
*Calorie..................................*Serving size for each group......
*Classes of Nutrients...............*Food Labels...........................
*Protein..................................*Water....................................
*Amino Acids.........................*Minerals.................................
*Carbohydrates.......................*Vitamins................................
*Fats......................................*Water vs. Fat Soluble.............
*Cholesterol..........................................................................
55 facts to equal the regular assignment.
(Listing the facts associated with each topic is fine.)
2/5/08 #12
18th Chapter Vocab/2 Column
1. Nutrients – are substances in foods that provide energy and material for cell development, growth, and repair.
2. Proteins are large molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.
3. Amino Acids – large numbers of these small units or building blocks make up proteins.
4. Carbohydrates – energy containing molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
5. Fats – also called lipids, are a nutrient that stores energy, cushions organs, and helps the body absorb vitamins.
6. Vitamins – organic nutrients needed in small quantities for growth, regulating body functions, and preventing some diseases.
7. Minerals – inorganic nutrients that lack carbon and regulate many chemical reactions in your body.
8. Food group – grains, proteins, dairy, vegetables, and fruits are foods that contain the same types of nutrients
9. Digestion – is the process that breaks food down into smaller molecules so that they can be absorbed and moved into the blood.
10. Mechanical digestion – takes place when food is chewed, mixed, and churned.
11. Chemical digestion – occurs when chemical reactions occur that break down large molecules of food into smaller ones.
12. Enzyme – is a type of protein that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction in your body.
13. Peristalsis – waves of muscular contractions that move food through the digestive track.
14. Chyme – food mixed with digestive substance consisting of a thinner liquid.
15. Villi – finger like projections covering the wall of the small intestine that increase the surface area for food absorption.
2/4/08 #11
Muscle Fiber Concepts (Continued from the activity)
2/1/08 #11
Myofibril (Tiny Muscle Fiber) Activity
In this activity we will make a model of the contracting units of mucles.
*Muscles are made of bundles.
*Each bundle is made up of muscle fibers.
*Each muscle fiber is one muscle cell.
*Muscle cellsl have many nuclei and myofibrils (tiny muscle fibers).
*Each myofibril has many sarcomeres.
*Sarcomeres are what contracts in a muscle.
*Myofibrils have many sarcomere end to end and side by side.
1. Draw a 5 inch by 1 inch box on your paper crosswise. (5 wide and 1 high)
2. Cut both of your straws into 4 equal pieces, making 8 pieces in total.
3.Cut your pipe cleaner into 4 equal pieces.
4. Roll two thin, 1 inch long pieces of clay and place them on the 1 inch lines of the box
5. Put these straw/cleaner units on the box and slide the straw ends out into the clay.
*Each straw-pipe_cleaner unit is a sarcomere
*The pipe_cleaner is called the thick fiber of the sarcomere.
*Myosin is the name of the thick fiber.
*The straw is called the thin fiber of the sarcomere.
*The name of the thin fiber is actin
*The clay is called the Z-line
*Z-lines are where sarcomeres connect end to end
*Sarcomeres- shortening unit of contraction in a muscle.
*The myosin has little arm that crawl inside the actin.
*In our model, the fuzz of the p_cleaner would crawl down the straws.
DRAW A PICTURE OF YOUR MODEL IN A BOX AND LABEL THE PARTS
1/31/08 #10
Test on Chapter 17
1/30/08 # 8
Page 509. Questions 9 – 19. Answer with a sentence.
Examples:
9. The most solid form of bone is compact. 19. Skeletal muscle can be found in the leg.
Assignment # 9
Part 2 (35 minutes) (10pts)
Chapter 17 Vocabulary – Two columns
1/29/08 #7
Page 507 Questions
Do the following numbers:
20.....page 498
21.....pages 499 and 500
22.....page 486
23.....page 486
25.....page 486
26.....page 498
27.....pages 487 and 493
28.....page 498
1/28/08 #6
17_3 Skin P. 496
Write the most important facts for the following paragraphs.
The list bellow shows how many facts are expected from each paragraph.
Paragraphs:
1st .....2 facts p.496
2nd .....3 facts
3rd .....3 facts p. 497
4th .....4 facts
5th .....5 facts
6th .....3 facts
7th .....2 facts p. 498
8th .....2 facts
9th .....2 facts
10th .....2 facts
11th .....2 facts p. 499
12th .....none
13th .....3 facts
14th .....2 facts
15th .....2 facts
16th .....2 facts p. 500
17th .....1 fact
18th .....1 fact
1/25/08 5#
Finish the first five Questions of the "Self Check" on page 495.
Muscle Cell Types Activity
Goal:
Create a good looking “Muscle Cells Lab Report.”
Use microscopes and pictures to draw each muscle cell type
Give the characteristics of each muscle type.
Explain where each type of muscle cell is found including examples
Terms: voluntary, involuntary, striated, nonstriated, multi-nucleated
Procedure
1. Draw some cardiac muscle cells
2. Write their characteristics and explain their location.
3. Draw some smooth muscle cells
4. Write their characteristics and explain their location.
5. Draw some skeletal muscle cells
6. Write their characteristics and explain their location.
Assignment #4
17_2 Self Check p. 495
1/24/08 #3
17_2 Main Ideas/P.490
Find the most important ideas or facts in the following paragraphs of section 17_2 starting on page 490. These items should be of the type that you would include in an outline. There are 10 paragraphs in this section and each group of facts should be numbered accordingly. Below is a guide to how many ideas should be found in each paragraph.
Paragraph Numbers:
2nd..... two ideas or facts
3rd..... four ideas or facts
4th ..... six ideas or facts
5th..... six ideas or facts
6th..... four ideas or facts
7th..... four ideas or facts
8th..... four ideas or facts
9th..... two ideas or facts
10th.....four ideas or facts
Do the first five questions of the "Self Check" on page 495.
1/23/08 #2
17_1 The Skeletal System Notes P. 484 (Two Column Notes)
1. Bones consist of several different tissues which makes them organs.
2. The hard compounds in bones are not living.
3. The cells in bones are living and need oxygen, energy, nutrients, and the removal of wastes.
4. Five Functions of the Skeletal System
Provides Structure
Protection of organs
Assist muscles in movement
Production of blood cells
Store calcium and phosphorous
5. Bones can change shape when the attached muscles are used.
6. Bones have bumps and pits to which muscles and ligaments attach.
7. Blood vessels and nerves enter and exit through holes in bones
8. Periosteum
Tough, attached membrane covering
Contains small blood vessels that bring nutrients into the bone.
Involved in growth and repair
9. Compact Bone
Hard layer under the periosteum
Gives bones strength
Framework contain calcium and phosphate
Contains a network of cells and blood vessels
10. Spongy bone
located near the ends of long bones
Contains numerous open spaces
Gives strength without weight
Spaces contain marrow
11. Marrow
Yellow marrow consist of fat cells
Red marrow cells produce blood cells
12. Cartilage
Thick, smooth, and slippery
Lacks blood vessels and minerals
Near by blood vessels supply nutrients
Flexible and acts as shock absorbers
Reduces friction between bones
Damage causes pain
13. Bone Cells
Called osteoblast
Deposit calcium and phosphorous
Osteoblast build and breakdown the hard part of bones
Release calcium and phosphorous into the blood when needed by muscles and nerves
1/22/08 #1
Figure 2 / Figure 4
Figure 2 / Page 485
The following terms appear in figure 2. Write the facts found in the reading associated with these word.
1. Bone .......................7. Blood vessels
2. Periosteum ..............8. Spongy bone
3. Cartilage ..................9. Marrow cavity
4. Bone cells ...............10. Artery
5. Compact bone .........11. Vein
6. Haversian system ....12. Nerves
Figure 4 / Page 488
Describe the 5 kinds of joints and how they move. Include comparisons and examples.
Joint:
a. Description -
b. Movement -
c. Comparison -
d. Example -
Wild dogs of africa facts. 20
Also, find unfinished assignments. Finish and turn these assignments in.
3/31/2008 #41
A. 20_2 Self Check on page 582. Answer the first five questions.
Help with #4: Draw and fill in the following table instead of making a concept tree. Use pages 571 & 579.
Put the following words in the table where they belong: alveoli, blood cells, carbon dioxide, diffusion, excess salts,
excess water, filtration, kidney, lung, nephron, oxygen, salts, squeezing/pressure, sugars, waste/urea, and water.
Start by finding the two organs in the list above and writing them in the first column of the table.
Then find the two processes in the list and write them next to the organ that uses the process.
Then write the substance removed from the blood by each organ.
Then write the substances added or returned to the blood by each organ.
Finally, write each organ's functional unit in the table.
B. Write all the letters, words, and arrows of Figure 9 on page 577 including the explanation sentence.
C. Sketch and label the major structures of the urinary system using the first part of Figure 11 on page 579.
Then tell what the kidney is made of and describe the main function of the nephron.
D. Sketch and explain Figure 13 on page 582.
3/20/2008 #40
Write 20 facts about wasps, ants, and termites.
3/19/2008 #39
A. 20_1 Self Check on page 576. Answer the fist four questions.
B. Write all the letters, words, and arrows of Figure 2 on page 569 including the explanation sentence.
C. Sketch and label 10 structures from Figure 3 on page 570. (Nasal cavity, mouth, pharynx, larynx, trachea, cilia, lungs, bronchi, alveoli, and capillaries.)
D. Sketch Figure 4 on page 571. Include labels and the explanation sentence.
E. Which lung would you want in Figure 7 and why?
3/18/2008 #38
20_1 Respiratory System Facts B Pages 572 to 576
10th Paragraph...3 facts...Breathing Rate
11th Paragraph...2 facts...Air Pressure
12th Paragraph...2 facts...Diaphragm
13th Paragraph...1 fact...Choking...........See p. 573
14th Paragraph...4 facts...Respiratory Disease and Disorders
15th Paragraph...4 facts...Respiratory Infections
16th Paragraph...2 facts...Bronchitis
17th Paragraph...3 facts...Chronic Bronchitis
18th Paragraph...3 facts...Emphysema
19th Paragraph...3 facts...Lung Cancer
20th Paragraph...3 facts...Asthma
3/17/2008 #37
20_1 Respiratory System Facts A Pages 568 to 571
Write
1st Paragraph...1 fact...Oxygen
2nd Paragraph...3 facts...Oxygen
3rd Paragraph...5 facts...Breathing vs. Cellular Respiration
4th Paragraph...4 facts...Particles in Air
5th Paragraph...3 facts...Pharynx
6th Paragraph...3 facts...Larynx
7th Paragraph...3 facts...Trachea
8th Paragraph...4 facts...Bronchi and Alveoli
9th Paragraph...5 facts...Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Exchange
3/14/2008 #36
19th Chapter Test (Open book and notes)
Extra Credit: Questions #3 – 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, and 20 on page 565
Write the questions for #3 – 10.
3/13/2008 #35
Finish Questions #20 and 25 on page 563
Do questions #1-19 plus #23 on page 563
Study for Test
Extra Credit: Questions #3 – 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, and 20 on page 565
Write the questions for #3 – 10.
3/12/2008 #34
19_2 & 3 Self Check 555 & 557
Answer questions #1 – 4 for each.
Plus Questions #20 and 25 on page 563
Study for Test
Extra Credit: Questions #3 – 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, and 20 on page 565
Write the questions for #3 – 10.
3/11/2008 #33
19_2 Blood Types Notes p.553 (2 columns)
1. If blood of the wrong types is mixed, it will clot and can block blood flow to any part of the body.
2. Blood type is determined, in part, by the ABO blood group antigens present on red blood cells.
3. The antigens and antibodies in blood is what determines a blood type. Antibodies react in response to antigens and clots form.
4. Copy Table 1 on page 533 in the left column. Copy Table 2 on page 533 in the right column.
5. Different blood types have different chemical tags called antigens.
6. Different blood types also have different antibodies.
7. Antibodies are proteins that destroy or neutralize substances that are not part of your body.
8. Antibodies are what cause transfused blood to clot.
9. Rh is another chemical blood tag. Rh+ has the Rh factor or tag, while Rh – doesn't.
10. When an Rh – mother is pregnant with an Rh + baby, the mother might make antibodies to the child's Rh factor.
11. Just before birth, the mothers antibodies can get into the child and destroy the baby's RBCs or red blood cells.
12. Injections that keep the mother from making these antibodies are given to these mothers to protect the babies blood cells.
13. With anemia, bodies tissues don't get enough oxygen from the blood.
14. Blood loss or lack of iron in the diet can cause anemia.
15. In sickle-cell disease, blood cells are misshapened, so they clog the capillaries.
16. Sickle-cell disease is inherited and results in poor oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange between the blood and tissue cells.
17. In Leukemia, many immature and none functioning white blood cells are produced.
3/10/2008 #32
19_2 Blood Notes (2 Columns)
1. Four Functions of Blood:
Delivers oxygen to and removes Carbon dioxide from body cells
Carries waste from body cells to the kidneys
Transports nutrients to the body cells
Fights infections and helps heal wounds
2. Diseases that disrupt the four functions of blood, can affect all the cells of your body
3. Blood tissue consists of plasma, platelets, red cells, and white cells.
4. An adults blood would fill five 1-L Bottles
5. Plasma is mostly water and is the liquid part of the blood.
6. Plasma is half of the bloods volume.
7. Nutrients, minerals and wastes are dissolved in and transported by plasma.
8. Red Blood Cells: (RBCs) are disk shaped, have no nuclei, contain hemoglobin
5,000,000 in each mm3 of blood
9. Hemoglobin carries oxygen to cells from the lungs and carbon dioxide away from cells to the lungs.
Why do we breath in oxygen?
Our cells combine oxygen with food to make ATP for energy.
Where does the carbon dioxide that we breath out come from? Carbon in food is combine with oxygen to make carbon dioxide.
10. RBCs live about 120 days. About 2.5 million RBCs are produced each second and are destroyed at the same rate. (2,000,000 to 3,000,000)
11. RBCs are produced in the marrow of long bones.
12. White blood cells (WBCs) fight bacteria, viruses and other invaders of the body.
Some WBCs engulf invaders, while other WBCs release antibodies that disable invaders.
13. There are five major kinds of WBCs. Some WBCs break down body cells that die as well as fighting infections.
1 Lymphocytes 2 Monocytes 3 Neutrophils 4 Basophils 5 Eosinophils
14. There are about 1 or 2 WBCs for every 1000 RBCs and they live from a few days to a few months.
(5,000 to 10,000 WBCs in each mm3 of blood)
15. Platelets: are irregular shaped cell fragments, help clot blood, last five to nine days, stick to damaged cells, and release chemicals called clotting factors
16. Blood Clotting: platelets stick to wounded cells, clotting factors from platelets cause fibers called fibrin to form, fibrin blocks blood cells like a net, and then fibrin and blood cells harden forming a scab.
17. A person with a low number of platelets can bleed without it stopping
18. Hemophilia is a genetic condition where plasma lacks a clotting factor, so minor wounds can cause one to bleed to death.
3/7/2008
Make up assignment day.
Find assignments that you have not done.
Complete these assignments and turn them in.
3/5/2008 and 3/6/2008 #31
19-2 Blood Facts p. 550
Write the indicated number of facts for the indicated paragraphs.
Paragraph 1.....4 facts.....Blood Functions
Paragraph 2.....3 facts.....Parts of Blood
Paragraph 3.....4 facts.....Plasma
Paragraph 4.....4 facts.....Blood Cells p. 551
Paragraph 5.....4 facts.....White Blood Cells
Paragraph 6.....3 facts.....Platelets
Paragraph 7.....4 facts.....Blood Clotting p. 552
Paragraph 8.....2 facts.....Hemophilia
Paragraph 9.....3 facts.....Blood Transfusion (is really what this paragraph is about) p. 553
Paragraph 10....3 facts.....Blood Types (is really what this paragraph is about)
Paragraph 11....6 facts.....Blood Antibodies
Paragraph 12....4 facts.....Rh Factor p. 554
Paragraph 13....4 facts.....Rh Factor & Pregnancy
Paragraph 14....4 facts.....Anemia
Paragraph 15....4 facts.....Leukemia
3/4/08 #30
The Pathway of Blood Through the Heart
Copy and comprehend the chart. This chart visually summarizes the pathway of blood through the heart in as few words as possible. The chart will then be used to understand the picture below it.
Write the numbers 1 through 8 down your paper below the chart. Match the names on the chart above to the numbers on the picture below. Note that the blue and red arrows in the chart correspond to the blue and red arrows in the picture. Blue represents deoxygenated blood while red represents highly oxygenated blood. (Hint: Find where both blue arrows start and then find where both red arrows start.)
2/29/08 Leap Day #29
Write 12 facts on parasites, bacteria, viruses, and the immune system.
Assignment #28
Participation grade for 2/25 to 2/29. Students have to be present and following classroom norms to earn these points..
2/28/08 and 3/3/08 #27
19-1 Circulatory System Notes Two Columns p. 540
1. Blood moves oxygen and nutrients to every cell in your body and carries away carbon dioxide and other wastes.
2. The movement of substance between blood and cells occurs by diffusion and active transport.
3. Diffusion is the spreading out of a substance from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
(Diffusion is when a material moves from where there is more of it to where there is less of it.)
4. The two upper chambers of the heart are called right and left atriums and the two lower chambers are called right and left ventricles
5. Both atriums contract together and then both ventricles contract together to make the lub-dub sound.
6. Coronary circulation consist of the coronary arteries and coronary veins.
7. Path of blood through the heart:
a. Blood returns to the heart through the vena cavas from the body.
b. Right atrium receives blood from the vena cavas.
c. The right atruim loads the right ventricle with blood.
d. The right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary arteries.
e. Pulmonary circulation starts with the pulmonary arteries, goes to the lungs, and finishes with the pulmonary veins.
f. Oxygen is picked up and carbon dioxide is dropped off in the lungs.
G. Oxygenated blood enters the left atrium from the pulmonary vein.
H. The left atrium loads the blood into the left ventricle.
I. The left ventricle pumps blood to the body through the aorta.
J. The Aorta starts systemic circulation, goes to the capillaries, and finishes with the vena cava.
K. Oxygen-rich blood enters the aorta and oxygen-poor blood leaves the vena cava.
8. Arteries carry blood away from the heart.
9. Arteries and veins have thick elastic walls made of connective tissue and smooth muscle.
10. Each ventricle is connected to an artery. Right ventricle- Pulmonary artery/Left ventricle- Aorta
11. The smooth muscle in arteries is thicker than in veins, so they can handle the high pressure.
12. Veins carry blood back to the heart.
13. Veins have one-way valves that keep blood moving back towards the heart.
14. The superior vena cava returns blood from the head and neck, while the inferior vena cava
returns blood back from the abdomen and legs.
15. Capillaries connect arteries to veins.
16. Capillaries are only one cell thick, so oxygen and nutrients can diffuse out to the cells
and carbon dioxide and wastes can diffuse in.
17. Blood pressure is the force of pumped blood on the walls of blood vessels.
18. Blood pressure is higher in arteries than in veins.
20. Blood pressure is controlled by the speed of the heart and the squeezing of smooth muscles in the arteries and veins.
21. Cardiovascular diseases or diseases of the heart, blood vessel, and blood are the leading cause of death in the US. (1. for teens is accidents and injury)
22. Atherosclerosis is when fatty deposits build up on the walls of arteries.
23. Eating foods high in cholesterol and saturated fats can cause fatty deposits to build up on artery walls.
24. Fatty deposits in coronary arteries cause heart attacks.
25. Hypertension or high blood pressure can be caused by atherosclerosis
26. Clogged arteries lose their elasticity and no longer dilate or contract easily, causing high blood pressure.
27. Hypertension can cause the heart to weaken (heart failure) and damage the kidneys. (dialysis)
28. Heat failure results when the heart cannot pump blood efficiently
29. Heat failure is caused by weak heart muscle tissue or damaged heart valves
30. In heart failure people are short of breath and fluid collects in their arms, legs, and lungs
31. Healthy diet and exercise choices greatly reduces the chances of cardiovascular disease and cancer.
32. Many people get cardiovascular by eating diets high in saturated fats, cholesterol, and sugar.
(Eating too much sugar causes diabetes which causes heart disease.)
33. Large amounts of body fat force the heart to pump faster and is associated with cardiovascular disease.
34. Regular exercise helps to prevent tension, control cholesterol, lower blood pressure, reduce body fat, and strengthens the heart and lungs.
35. Smoking causes the blood vessels to contract causing the heart to beat faster and harder.
36. Smoking causes cardiovascular disease and lung cancer.
2/27/2008 #26
19-1 Self Check Questions 1-5 p.548
(Also do make up or extra credit work.)
Assignment #25
Simplify, draw, and label the heart and lungs. Figure3 p. 542
It is recommended that the ateries be connected to the veins in the lung with one loop rather than the network show.
2/26/2008 #24
19-1 Circulatory System Facts B p. 544
Find the number of facts indicated for each topic.
Topic................................Number of Facts
9. Arteries......................................4
10. Veins.......................................4
11. Capillaries ...............................4
12. Blood Pressure........................4
13. Measuring Blood Pressure........3
14. Controlling Blood Pressure........2
15. Cardiovascular Disease.............1
16. Atherosclerosis........................3
17. Hypertension............................3
18. Heart Failure............................3
19-22. Preventing Cardiovascular Disease.......6
Figure 5 – Compare and contrast arteries, veins, and capillaries. Sketch and Labeling optional.
2/25/08 #23
19-1 Circulatory System Facts A p. 540
Topics...............................Number of Facts
1. Cardiovascular System................2
2A. Blood Vessels..........................3
2B. Diffusion/Active Transport..........2
3. Heart........................................6
4. Circulatory System divisions.......1
5. Coronary Circulation..................3
6. Pulmonary Circulation................4
7. Systemic Circulation..................4
Assignment #25
Simplify, draw, and label the heart and lungs. Figure3 p. 542
2/22/08 #22
18th Chapter Test
2/21/08 #21
18_1 Self Check p. 521 / Study for Test
1. List the six classes of nutrients. Give one example of a food source for each class. (Sixth is water.)
2. Describe the major function of each class of nutrient.
3. Discuss how food choices can positively and negatively affect your health.
4. Explain the importance of water in the body.
5. What foods from each food group would provide a balanced breakfast? Explain.
Additional Question:
6. List the five food groups. Give two examples of a food in each group. Start with the group you should eat the most of and finish with the group you should eat the least of.
2/19/08 and 2/20/08 #20
18_2 Notes / 2 Column
Write the following as two column notes.
Remember, the more thinking you do in creating your second column, the better you will do on the test.
1. To process food, the body must ingest, digest, absorb and eliminate it.
2. The breaking down of food for absorption is called digestion.
3. The chewing, mixing and churning of food is mechanical digestion.
4. The chemical reactions that break large molecules into smaller ones is chemical digestion.
5. The chemical reactions that break large molecules into smaller ones require enzymes.
6. The proteins that speed up chemical reactions are called enzymes.
7. While speeding up reactions, enzymes work without being changed.
8. The teeth and tongue in the mouth start mechanical digestion.
9. Glands in the mouth secrete saliva which contains water, mucus, and amylase.
10. The enzyme that breaks starches into sugars is called amylase.
11. The bodies main source of energy are carbohydrates.
12. Food is made more slippery by mucus to protect the digestive tract..
13. The structure that covers the windpipe when food is swallowed is called the epiglottis.
14. The esophagus is a muscular tube between the mouth and stomach.
15. The waves of muscular contractions that push food through the digestive tract is peristalsis.
16. The churning, expandable, muscular bag that holds food is the stomach.
17. Hydrochloric acid is added to food in the stomach.
18. HCL acid and the enzyme pepsin break down proteins in the stomach.
19. Acid in the stomach also kills most bacteria found in food.
20. Food liquidized for and by digestion is called chyme.
21. Nutrient absorption is the main function of the small intestine.
22. The liver makes bile which is held in the gall bladder.
23. The gall bladder releases bile into the small intestine.
24.Bile emulsifies fats and oils breaking them into smaller droplets.
25.The pancreas put enzymes into the duodenum or first part of the small intestine.
26. Most digestion takes place in the duodenum.
27. The pancreas produces enzymes that break down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats.
28. The pancreas also produces bicarbonate ions that neutralize stomach acid in the chyme.
29. The surface area of the small intestine is increased by structures called villi.
30. Nutrients move into the blood vessels within the villi.
31. Proteins are broken down into their building blocks called amino acids.
32. Starches are broken down into sugars from which they are composed.
33. Fats are broken down into glycerides and fatty acids.
34. The main job of the large intestine is to absorb water from the undigested mass.
35. The large intestine helps maintain homeostasis by keeping large amounts of water in the body.
36. The last eight inches of the large intestine is the rectum.
37. The rectum holds and then muscles in it help void the waste.
38. Muscles in the anus control the release of semisolid wastes called feces.
39. Beneficial bacteria live in the large intestine also called the colon.
40. Bacteria produce vitamin K and two b vitamins.
41. Vitamin K is important for blood clotting.
42. The two B vitamins, niacin and thiamine are important to the nervous system.
43. Less helpful bacteria breakdown meat and fat wastes into carcinogens.
44. The breakdown of intestinal material by bacteria produces gas.
45. The tongue, teeth, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder and pancreas are called accessory
organs because food doesn't pass through them.
46. List all the digestive organs that food passes through:
2/14/08 #19
Digestive Organs Activity (Make-up: Write information on three of the following topics.)
Research three topics as a group and then creatively organize the information as a poster.
Find as much information as you can about each topic. (Such as enzymes and what they break down)
Topics:
Mouth and esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum)
Large intestine
Liver
Gall Bladder
Pancreas
2/13/08 #18
18_2 Self Check P. 529
1. Compare and Contrast mechanical digestion and chemical digestion.
2. Explain how activities in the large intestine help maintain homeostasis.
(Tell what the colon does to keep the body in balance.)
3. Describe the function of each of the organs in the digestive tract.
(Mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum, and anus.)
4. Explain how the accessory organ aid digestion.
(tongue, teeth, salivary glands, liver, gall bladder, and pancreas)
5. Thinking Critically:
A cracker contains starch. Explain why a cracker begins to taste sweet after it is in your mouth for five minutes without being chewed.
2/12/08 #17
18_2 Digestive System Main Ideas
Read the text while imagining taking the trip with the six types of nutrients on the journey from the lips to the anus. Notice the structures and organs you would pass. Visualize where each type of food would be changed as it is turned into excrement. (Textbook p. 523)
For each topic, write the given number of facts.
Digestion......3................Mouth...............3
Enzymes.......3................Esophagus........3
Amylase.......2................Stomach............7
Pepsin..........2.................Small intestine..10
Pancreas.......3................Large intestine..4
Organs list......................Bacteria............4
2/11/07 #16
18_1 Nutrition Questions
Write or print these questions on the left side of a sheet of paper. Write the answers on the right side of a sheet of paper.
1. Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals and water, what are these?
2. What consideration is most important in choosing the food you eat?
3. What unit is used to measure the amount of energy in food?
4. In terms of heat, what is a Calorie? (Calorie with a capital “C.”)
(A science calorie with a lower-case “c” is the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1° C.)
5. What are the organic nutrients?
6. What are the inorganic nutrients?
7. What does digested mean?
8. What nutrients need to be digested?
9. What nutrients are directly absorbed into the blood?
10. What type of nutrient contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur?
11. What is an amino acid?
12. How many different amino acids does your body use?
13. Why is it essential that you get eight kinds of amino acids in the food you eat?
14. What does it mean if a protein is complete?
15. What does it mean if a protein is incomplete?
16. What type of nutrient should be your main source of calories?
17. From what molecules are carbohydrates made?
18. Sugars, starches and fibers are all made of what type of nutrient?
19. What are simple carbohydrates called?
20. In what kinds of food are simple carbohydrates found?
21. Starch and fiber are also called what?
22. In what types of foods are starches found?
23. What are starches made up of?
24. What carbohydrate can't be digested?
25. What is another name for fiber?
26. What foods contain fiber?
2/8/08 #15
Research and present twelve ideas relating to the conservation movement and/or the environmental movement.
2/7/08 #14
18_1 Main Ideas or Alternate Assignment - Finish
Alternate Assignment can be done as extra credit.
2/6/08 #14
18_1 Main Ideas
Write the most important facts for the following paragraphs. (Facts that would be in an outline.)
The list bellow shows how many facts are expected from each paragraph.
1st .....2 facts p.512....................12th .....1 fact
2nd .....3 facts............................13th .....4 facts
3rd .....3 facts p. 513...................14th .....3 facts p. 518
4th .....3 facts.............................15th .....3 facts p. 519
5th .....4 facts.............................16th .....3 facts
6th .....2 facts p. 514...................17th .....2 facts p. 520
7th .....3 facts.............................18th .....1 facts
8th .....1 fact...............................19th .....2 facts
9th .....3 facts p. 515...................20th .....5 facts p. 521
10th .....3 facts...........................21st .....2 facts
11th .....1 fact p. 516...................22nd .....1 fact
Alternate Assignment for students that didn't bring their textbook:
Give the STORY of the following topics, not just the definitions:
*Nutrients................................*Food Groups..........................
*Calorie..................................*Serving size for each group......
*Classes of Nutrients...............*Food Labels...........................
*Protein..................................*Water....................................
*Amino Acids.........................*Minerals.................................
*Carbohydrates.......................*Vitamins................................
*Fats......................................*Water vs. Fat Soluble.............
*Cholesterol..........................................................................
55 facts to equal the regular assignment.
(Listing the facts associated with each topic is fine.)
2/5/08 #12
18th Chapter Vocab/2 Column
1. Nutrients – are substances in foods that provide energy and material for cell development, growth, and repair.
2. Proteins are large molecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur.
3. Amino Acids – large numbers of these small units or building blocks make up proteins.
4. Carbohydrates – energy containing molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
5. Fats – also called lipids, are a nutrient that stores energy, cushions organs, and helps the body absorb vitamins.
6. Vitamins – organic nutrients needed in small quantities for growth, regulating body functions, and preventing some diseases.
7. Minerals – inorganic nutrients that lack carbon and regulate many chemical reactions in your body.
8. Food group – grains, proteins, dairy, vegetables, and fruits are foods that contain the same types of nutrients
9. Digestion – is the process that breaks food down into smaller molecules so that they can be absorbed and moved into the blood.
10. Mechanical digestion – takes place when food is chewed, mixed, and churned.
11. Chemical digestion – occurs when chemical reactions occur that break down large molecules of food into smaller ones.
12. Enzyme – is a type of protein that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction in your body.
13. Peristalsis – waves of muscular contractions that move food through the digestive track.
14. Chyme – food mixed with digestive substance consisting of a thinner liquid.
15. Villi – finger like projections covering the wall of the small intestine that increase the surface area for food absorption.
2/4/08 #11
Muscle Fiber Concepts (Continued from the activity)
2/1/08 #11
Myofibril (Tiny Muscle Fiber) Activity
In this activity we will make a model of the contracting units of mucles.
*Muscles are made of bundles.
*Each bundle is made up of muscle fibers.
*Each muscle fiber is one muscle cell.
*Muscle cellsl have many nuclei and myofibrils (tiny muscle fibers).
*Each myofibril has many sarcomeres.
*Sarcomeres are what contracts in a muscle.
*Myofibrils have many sarcomere end to end and side by side.
1. Draw a 5 inch by 1 inch box on your paper crosswise. (5 wide and 1 high)
2. Cut both of your straws into 4 equal pieces, making 8 pieces in total.
3.Cut your pipe cleaner into 4 equal pieces.
4. Roll two thin, 1 inch long pieces of clay and place them on the 1 inch lines of the box
5. Put these straw/cleaner units on the box and slide the straw ends out into the clay.
*Each straw-pipe_cleaner unit is a sarcomere
*The pipe_cleaner is called the thick fiber of the sarcomere.
*Myosin is the name of the thick fiber.
*The straw is called the thin fiber of the sarcomere.
*The name of the thin fiber is actin
*The clay is called the Z-line
*Z-lines are where sarcomeres connect end to end
*Sarcomeres- shortening unit of contraction in a muscle.
*The myosin has little arm that crawl inside the actin.
*In our model, the fuzz of the p_cleaner would crawl down the straws.
DRAW A PICTURE OF YOUR MODEL IN A BOX AND LABEL THE PARTS
1/31/08 #10
Test on Chapter 17
1/30/08 # 8
Page 509. Questions 9 – 19. Answer with a sentence.
Examples:
9. The most solid form of bone is compact. 19. Skeletal muscle can be found in the leg.
Assignment # 9
Part 2 (35 minutes) (10pts)
Chapter 17 Vocabulary – Two columns
1/29/08 #7
Page 507 Questions
Do the following numbers:
20.....page 498
21.....pages 499 and 500
22.....page 486
23.....page 486
25.....page 486
26.....page 498
27.....pages 487 and 493
28.....page 498
1/28/08 #6
17_3 Skin P. 496
Write the most important facts for the following paragraphs.
The list bellow shows how many facts are expected from each paragraph.
Paragraphs:
1st .....2 facts p.496
2nd .....3 facts
3rd .....3 facts p. 497
4th .....4 facts
5th .....5 facts
6th .....3 facts
7th .....2 facts p. 498
8th .....2 facts
9th .....2 facts
10th .....2 facts
11th .....2 facts p. 499
12th .....none
13th .....3 facts
14th .....2 facts
15th .....2 facts
16th .....2 facts p. 500
17th .....1 fact
18th .....1 fact
1/25/08 5#
Finish the first five Questions of the "Self Check" on page 495.
Muscle Cell Types Activity
Goal:
Create a good looking “Muscle Cells Lab Report.”
Use microscopes and pictures to draw each muscle cell type
Give the characteristics of each muscle type.
Explain where each type of muscle cell is found including examples
Terms: voluntary, involuntary, striated, nonstriated, multi-nucleated
Procedure
1. Draw some cardiac muscle cells
2. Write their characteristics and explain their location.
3. Draw some smooth muscle cells
4. Write their characteristics and explain their location.
5. Draw some skeletal muscle cells
6. Write their characteristics and explain their location.
Assignment #4
17_2 Self Check p. 495
1/24/08 #3
17_2 Main Ideas/P.490
Find the most important ideas or facts in the following paragraphs of section 17_2 starting on page 490. These items should be of the type that you would include in an outline. There are 10 paragraphs in this section and each group of facts should be numbered accordingly. Below is a guide to how many ideas should be found in each paragraph.
Paragraph Numbers:
2nd..... two ideas or facts
3rd..... four ideas or facts
4th ..... six ideas or facts
5th..... six ideas or facts
6th..... four ideas or facts
7th..... four ideas or facts
8th..... four ideas or facts
9th..... two ideas or facts
10th.....four ideas or facts
Do the first five questions of the "Self Check" on page 495.
1/23/08 #2
17_1 The Skeletal System Notes P. 484 (Two Column Notes)
1. Bones consist of several different tissues which makes them organs.
2. The hard compounds in bones are not living.
3. The cells in bones are living and need oxygen, energy, nutrients, and the removal of wastes.
4. Five Functions of the Skeletal System
Provides Structure
Protection of organs
Assist muscles in movement
Production of blood cells
Store calcium and phosphorous
5. Bones can change shape when the attached muscles are used.
6. Bones have bumps and pits to which muscles and ligaments attach.
7. Blood vessels and nerves enter and exit through holes in bones
8. Periosteum
Tough, attached membrane covering
Contains small blood vessels that bring nutrients into the bone.
Involved in growth and repair
9. Compact Bone
Hard layer under the periosteum
Gives bones strength
Framework contain calcium and phosphate
Contains a network of cells and blood vessels
10. Spongy bone
located near the ends of long bones
Contains numerous open spaces
Gives strength without weight
Spaces contain marrow
11. Marrow
Yellow marrow consist of fat cells
Red marrow cells produce blood cells
12. Cartilage
Thick, smooth, and slippery
Lacks blood vessels and minerals
Near by blood vessels supply nutrients
Flexible and acts as shock absorbers
Reduces friction between bones
Damage causes pain
13. Bone Cells
Called osteoblast
Deposit calcium and phosphorous
Osteoblast build and breakdown the hard part of bones
Release calcium and phosphorous into the blood when needed by muscles and nerves
1/22/08 #1
Figure 2 / Figure 4
Figure 2 / Page 485
The following terms appear in figure 2. Write the facts found in the reading associated with these word.
1. Bone .......................7. Blood vessels
2. Periosteum ..............8. Spongy bone
3. Cartilage ..................9. Marrow cavity
4. Bone cells ...............10. Artery
5. Compact bone .........11. Vein
6. Haversian system ....12. Nerves
Figure 4 / Page 488
Describe the 5 kinds of joints and how they move. Include comparisons and examples.
Joint:
a. Description -
b. Movement -
c. Comparison -
d. Example -